China and the Western Powers
In addition to these objectives, new imperialism was also trying to spread its political power and to settle its additional population. Due to the influence of the new imperialism, the European states began to compete to take over the undeveloped regions of the world, which resulted in the end of the nineteenth century, vast empires like Africa and China were divided and many territories of Asia and the Pacific Ocean Many of the islands were captured.
European imperialism had entered the far-east with the partition of Africa. By 1870, most of the country bats were here. Russia had authority over one-third of Asia, India had English suzerainty over it. Japan and China were the only two countries left in Southeast Asia where a European empire could have been established, but Japan itself had now become an imperialist country. Therefore China was the only country left in such a situation where the imperialists could establish their suzerainty. Therefore, the eyes of all countries were now on China.
China's initial contact with European countries
China occupies an important place in East Asia. China has been famous for its culture, art and trade since ancient times. By the fifteenth century China had little contact with other countries in Europe and Asia. At that time there were two major trade routes between Europe and Asia - one route missed by the Red Sea and reached the Mediterranean Sea and the other route went from the Gulf of Iran via Basra-Baghdad to the ports of Asia Minor. Initially the Arab people had authority over these trade routes. These people were civilized and understood the importance of trade, But in the fifteenth century, the Turks came to dominate the Arabs on both of these routes, so these trade routes began to be blocked. Due to the Turks blocking the trade routes, the Europeans were worried about finding new routes for their trade. The people of Portugal and Spain showed special interest in this work. By this time, the device was invented, so in 1498, the Portuguese named Vasco da Gama succeeded in reaching India by circling Africa. The Portuguese found a new maritime route to and from Asia, so they started going to far eastern countries.
European imperialism
They reached China in 1514, but at this time they could not enter China. In 1517, another Portuguese delegation went to China under the leadership of Thomas-Peerage, but he also could not meet the emperor in Peking. By this time, the Chinese government viewed these foreigners with suspicion as news of the Portuguese's activities in India and Malaysia, Spain's authority over Philippine and attacks by the British and Dutch people reached China. Nevertheless, by 1757, some informal relations were formed between the Chinese and the Portuguese. The same year the Portuguese established a colony in the Macao Peninsula. After Portuguese, traders from other European countries also started reaching there. Spain in 1575, Dutch in 1604, English in 1637, French in 1698, Denmark arrived in China in 1731 and Sweden in 1732. Russia had contact with China through land and waterways. In 1753, one of his merchant ships also traveled to Canton. In 1784, merchants of America also reached China for business.
Policy of Chinese Emperor and Foreign Trade-
The problem before the rulers of China was that what kind of contact should be kept with the merchants of these western countries. Although the ruling class of China did not want foreign merchants to enter China, their rule over distant territories was so early in the morning that they could implement their policy successfully. These foreign merchants had a sense of general expansion along with trade, so the Chinese people used to look at these traders with hatred. In 1685, a declaration in Samad Kong-sasi allowed these Europeans to trade in the suburbs of China. But these traders misused this facility and started interfering in China's internal affairs. As a result, in 1750, the flat Din-Tung allowed foreign merchants to trade only in the port of London, prohibiting their entry into any other port.
It is here that arises that Thomas fired Pirez-Andal and despite the Portuguese posts, China allowed these foreigners to trade in Canton. The partial answer to this may be that in the essence of China there was a copy of the state to show its power, but the reluctance to implement it was also accompanied by inadequacy. China continued on the policy of segregation until the first half of the Sirvi century. He had no meaning with any other state of the world. The people of China did not want to establish contact with any other country. But China's silk and tea were making European traders think. These Sogs slowly began to enter China. He started interfering in China's political affairs. The Chinese government was not ready to suffer the tyranny of merchants and Christian priests if they were weak. They imposed a variety of restrictions on Europeans.
Canton Business -
The trade of foreign merchants was confined to the port of Canton only in China. Even in Canton he did not have full business, he had a variety of antics. Foreign businessmen in Canton also did not have the right to reside there for the whole year. At the end of one season of trading, he used to cook canton gold, from the beginning of the second season of trading, the traders used to go to the houses. The purpose of this policy was probably that foreign merchants could not settle permanently in Cantor.
